Turkish Validation of the Psychosocial Impact of Gingival Aesthetics Questionnaire

Background: The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Turkish version (TR) of the Psychosocial Impact of Gingival Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIGAQ), resulting in the PIGAQ-TR. The study also aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the scale, including its reliability, validity, and underlying subdimensions, to ensure its suitability for use among Turkish-speaking populations.

Methods: This cross-sectional validation study included 225 individuals who completed the original 20-item PIGAQ after it was translated into Turkish using forward and backward translation techniques in accordance with standard cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. The scale retained its original 4-dimensional structure: gingival self-confidence, social impact, psychological impact, and aesthetic concern (AC). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal consistency assessment via Cronbach’s alpha, and test–retest reliability. The EFA was used to verify the dimensional structure of the translated scale.

Results: The PIGAQ-TR demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.950 (95% CI: 0.939-0.959), indicating high reliability. Test–retest reliability was acceptable, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.604 (95% CI: 0.273-0.807, P = .001). The EFA supported the 4-factor model, which explained 76.82% of the total variance, confirming the validity of the scale’s conceptual framework.

Conclusion: The PIGAQ-TR is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the psychosocial effects of gingival aesthetics in Turkish-speaking populations. Its strong psychometric properties make it suitable for use in clinical research and practice, contributing to a better understanding and management of patients’ ACs.