Comparative Analysis of Surface Roughness, Gloss, and Color Stability of ORMOCERBased, Nanohybrid, and Microhybrid Composites After Different Polishing Protocols

Abstract

Background: The longevity and aesthetic success of composite restorations are closely associated with surface parameters such as roughness, gloss, and color stability. These properties are significantly affected by the polishing systems used during finishing procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different polishing protocols on the surface roughness, gloss, and color stability of ORMOCER (organically modified ceramic)-based, nanohybrid, and microhybrid composites.

Methods: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of 5 polishing protocols on surface roughness (Ra), gloss (GU), and color stability (ΔE00) of 3 composite types: an ORMOCER-based composite (Admira Fusion 5, VOCO, Germany), a nanohybrid composite (Ceram X, Dentsply Sirona, USA), and a microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE, USA). A total of 150 specimens were randomly assigned to Sof-Lex™ (multi-step disc system), Clearfil Twist Dia (2-step diamond-impregnated spiral system), Enhance™ (single-step system), Identoflex™ (3-step silicone-based system), and an unpolished control group. Generalized linear models (GLMs) and robust ANOVA were employed for statistical analysis. Effect sizes were calculated using Partial Eta Squared, Cohen’s d, and Hedges’ g.

Results: The Identoflex™ group yielded the lowest Ra (0.114 ± 0.004 µm), while the control group had the highest (0.286 ± 0.009 µm). Gloss values were highest in the Sof-Lex™ group (85.8 ± 1.4 GU) and lowest in the control (61.5 ± 0.8 GU). Ceram X showed the best color stability (ΔE00=1.461 ± 0.267), whereas Filtek Z250 demonstrated the greatest discoloration (ΔE00 =2.049 ± 0.709). Multi-step protocols significantly improved all evaluated surface
characteristics.

Conclusion: Multi-step polishing systems significantly improve the surface quality and aesthetic durability of resin composites compared to single-step systems. ORMOCER-based and nanohybrid composites exhibited superior performance over microhybrid composites, supporting their clinical use for long-term aesthetic success.

Cite this article as: Kurucu-Karadeniz BK. Comparative analysis of surface roughness, gloss, and color stability of an ORMOCER-based, nanohybrid, and microhybrid composites after different polishing protocols. Essent Dent. 2026, 5, 0062, doi:10.5152/
EssentDent.2026.25062.