Investigation of Changes in Surface and Optical Properties of 3D-Printed Acrylic Resins Produced with Different Layer Thickness and Curing Methods: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Background: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effects of different layer thicknesses (50 μm and 100 μm) and curing methods (light curing and water curing) on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of 3D-printed Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) based denture base resins after exposure to 2 acidic aging solutions—cola and sour cherry juice.

Methods: One hundred twenty disc-shaped samples were 3D-printed and divided into 4 main groups based on layer thickness and curing method. Each group (n = 30) was further divided into subgroups (n = 15) and immersed in either cola or sour cherry juice for 7 and 21 days. Surface roughness, Vickers microhardness, and color change (ΔE) were measured each time. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests (P < .05).

Results: Surface roughness values significantly increased over time in all groups (P < .05); however, no significant difference was detected between the groups at any time point. Microhardness values showed significant differences according to layer thickness, curing method, and time (P <.05). While higher hardness values were obtained in 50 μm and light-cured groups, a significant decrease was observed in all groups over time. A statistically significant ΔE was observed in the 50 water-cured–cola group, while color stability was maintained in the other groups.

Conclusion: Layer thickness, curing method, and aging process have a significant impact on the surface and optical properties of 3D-printed PMMA resins. Water curing may limit polymerization efficiency, resulting in increased susceptibility to surface degradation and color changes. Optimizing manufacturing parameters is crucial for enhancing the clinical performance and long-term aesthetics of 3D-printed prosthetic materials.

Cite this article as: .ztürk Z, Tosun B. Investigation of changes in surface and optical properties of 3D-printed acrylic resins produced with different layer thickness and curing methods: an in vitro study. Essent Dent. 2026, 5, 0073, doi:10.5152/EssentDent.2026.25073.